Image building tools for OpenStack
==================================

These tools are the components of TripleO
(https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/TripleO) that are responsible for
building disk images.

This repository has the core functionality for building disk images, file
system images and ramdisk images for use with OpenStack (both virtual and bare
metal). The core functionality includes the various operating system specific
modules for disk/filesystem images, and deployment and hardware inventory
ramdisks.

The TripleO project also develops elements that can be used to deploy
OpenStack itself. These live in the TripleO elements repository
(https://git.openstack.org/cgit/openstack/tripleo-image-elements).

What tools are there?
---------------------

* disk-image-create [-a i386|amd64|armhf] -o filename {element} [{element} ...]
  Create an image of element {element}, optionally mixing in other elements.
  Element dependencies are automatically included. Support for other
  architectures depends on your environment being able to run binaries of that
  platform. For instance, to enable armhf on Ubuntu install the qemu-user-static
  package. The default output format from disk-image-create is qcow2. To instead
  output a tarball pass in "-t tar". This tarball could then be used as an image
  for a linux container(see docs/docker.md).

* ramdisk-image-create -o filename {element} [{element} ...] : Create a kernel+
  ramdisk pair for running maintenance on bare metal machines (deployment,
  inventory, burnin etc).

    To generate kernel+ramdisk pair for use with nova-baremetal, use
    ramdisk-image-create -o deploy.ramdisk deploy-baremetal

    To generate kernel+ramdisk pair for use with ironic, use
    ramdisk-image-create -o deploy.ramdisk deploy-ironic

* disk-image-get-kernel filename : **DEPRECATED** Extract the appropriate
  kernel and ramdisk to use when doing PXE boot using filename as the image
  for a machine. Consider using the `baremetal` element, rather than this tool.

* elements can be found in the top level elements directory.

* element-info : Extract information about elements.

Why?
----

Automation: While users and operators can manually script or put together ram
disks and disk images, mature automation makes customisation and testing easier.

Installation
============

* Clone the repository locally, then add bin to your path.

* Make sure you have qemu-img (qemu-utils package on Ubuntu/Debian,
  qemu on Fedora/RHEL/openSUSE) and kpartx installed.

Invocation
==========

The scripts can generally just be run. Options can be set on the command line
or by exporting variables to override those present in lib/img-defaults. -h to
get help.
The image building scripts expect to be able to invoke commands with sudo, so if you
want them to run non-interactively, you should either run them as root, with
sudo -E, or allow your build user to run any sudo command without password.

Using the variable ELEMENTS\_PATH will allow to specify multiple elements locations.
It's a colon (:) separated path list, and it will work in a first path/element found,
first served approach. The included elements tree is used when no path is supplied,
and is added to the end of the path if a path is supplied.

By default, the image building scripts will not overwrite existing disk images,
allowing you to compare the newly built image with the existing one. To change
that behaviour, set the variable OVERWRITE\_OLD\_IMAGE to any value that isn't
0.

Requirements
============

If you have 4GB of available physical RAM\*, or more, diskimage-builder will
create a tmpfs mount to build the image in. This will improve image build time
by building in RAM. This can be disabled completely by passing --no-tmpfs to
disk-image-create. ramdisk-image-create builds a regular image and then within
that does ramdisk creation. If tmpfs is not used, you will need enough room in
/tmp to store two uncompressed cloud images. If you do have tmpfs, you will
still need /tmp space for one uncompressed cloud image and about 20% of that
for working files.

\* As reported by /proc/meminfo MemTotal

Caches and offline mode
=======================

Since retrieving and transforming operating system image files, git
repositories, Python or Ruby packages, and so on can be a significant overhead,
we cache many of the inputs to the build process in ~/.cache/image-create/. The
writing an element documention describes the interface within
disk-image-builder for caching. When invoking disk-image-builder the --offline
option will instruct disk-image-builder to not refresh cached resources.

Note that we don't maintain operating system package caches, instead depending
on your local infrastructure (e.g. Squid cache, or an APT or Yum proxy) to
facilitate caching of that layer, so you need to arrange independently for
offline mode.

Base images
-----------

These are cached by the standard elements - fedora, redhat, ubuntu,
debian and opensuse.

source-repositories
-------------------

Git repositories and tarballs obtained via the source-repositories element will
be cached.

Install Types
-------------

Install types permit elements to be installed from different sources, such as
git repositories, distribution packages, or pip. The default install type
is 'source' but it can be modified on the disk-image-create command line
via the --install-type option. For example you can set:

    --install-type=package

to enable package installs by default. Alternately, you can also
set DIB\_DEFAULT\_INSTALLTYPE.

Many elements expose different install types. The different implementations
live under `<install-dir-prefix>-<install-type>-install` directories under an
element's install.d. The base element enables the chosen install type by
symlinking the correct hook scripts under install.d directly.
`<install-dir-prefix>` can be a string of alphanumeric and '-' characters, but
typically corresponds to the element name.

For example, the nova element would provide:

    nova/install.d/nova-package-install/74-nova
    nova/install.d/nova-source-install/74-nova

The following symlink would be created for the package install type:

    install.d/74-nova -> nova-package-install/74-nova

Or, for the source install type:

    install.d/74-nova -> nova-source-install/74-nova

All other scripts that exist under install.d for an element will be executed as
normal. This allows common install code to live in a script under install.d.

To set the install type for an element define an environment variable
`DIB_INSTALLTYPE_<install_dir_prefx>`. Note that if you used `-` characters in
your install directory prefix, those need to be replaced with `_` in the
environment variable.

For example, to enable the package install type for the set of nova elements
that use `nova` as the install type prefix, define the following:

    export DIB_INSTALLTYPE_nova=package


C and C++ compilation
---------------------

Ccache is configured by the base element. Any compilation that honours ccache
will be cached.

PyPI
----

The pypi element will bind mount a PyPI mirror from the cache dir and configure
pip and easy-install to use it.

Design
======

Images are built using a chroot and bind mounted /proc /sys and /dev. The goal
of the image building process is to produce blank slate machines that have all
the necessary bits to fulfill a specific purpose in the running of an OpenStack
cloud: e.g. a nova-compute node. Images produce either a filesystem image with
a label of cloudimg-rootfs, or can be customised to produce whole disk images
(but will still contain a filesystem labelled cloudimg-rootfs). Once the file
system tree is assembled a loopback device with filesystem (or partition table
and file system) is created and the tree copied into it. The file system
created is an ext4 filesystem just large enough to hold the file system tree
and can be resized up to 1PB in size.

An element is a particular set of code that alters how the image is built, or
runs within the chroot to prepare the image. E.g. the local-config element
copies in the http proxy and ssh keys of the user running the image build
process into the image, whereas the vm element makes the image build a regular
VM image with partition table and installed grub boot sector. The mellanox
element adds support for mellanox infiniband hardware to both the deploy
ramdisk and the built images.

Images must specify a base distribution image element. Currently base
distribution elements exist for fedora, rhel, ubuntu, debian and
opensuse. Other distributions may be added in future, the
infrastructure deliberately makes few assumptions about the exact
operating system in use.  The base image has opensshd running (a new
key generated on first boot) and accepts keys via the cloud metadata
service, loading them into the distribution specific default user
account.

The goal of a built image is to have any global configuration ready to roll,
but nothing that ties it to a specific cloud instance: images should be able to
be dropped into a test cloud and validated, and then deployed into a production
cloud (usually via bare metal nova) for production use. As such, the image
contents can be modelled as three distinct portions:

- global content: the actual code, kernel, always-applicable config (like
  disabling password authentication to sshd).
- metadata / config management provided configuration: user ssh keys, network
  address and routes, configuration management server location and public key,
  credentials to access other servers in the cloud. These are typically
  refreshed on every boot.
- persistent state: sshd server key, database contents, swift storage areas,
  nova instance disk images, disk image cache. These would typically be stored
  on a dedicated partition and not overwritten when re-deploying the image.

The goal of the image building tools is to create machine images that contain
the correct global content and are ready for 'last-mile' configuration by the
nova metadata API, after which a configuration management system can take over
(until the next deploy, when it all starts over from scratch).

Existing elements
-----------------

Elements are found in the subdirectory elements. Each element is in a directory
named after the element itself. Elements *should* have a README.md in the root
of the element directory describing what it is for.

Writing an element
-----------------

Conform to the following conventions:

* Use the environment for overridable defaults, prefixing environment variable
  names with "DIB\_". For example: DIB\_MYDEFAULT=${DIB\_MYDEFAULT:-default}
  If you do not use the DIB\_ prefix you may find that your overrides are
  discarded as the build environment is sanitised.

* Consider that your element co-exists with many others and try to guard
  against undefined behaviours. Some examples:

  * Two elements use the source-repositories element, but use the same filename
    for the source-repositories config file. Files such as these (and indeed the
    scripts in the various .d directories listed below) should be named such
    that they are unique. If they are not unique, when the combined tree is
    created by disk-image-builder for injecting into the build environment, one
    of the files will be overwritten.

  * Two elements copy different scripts into /usr/local/bin with the same name.
    If they both use set -e and cp -n then the conflict will be caught and cause
    the build to fail.

* If your element mounts anything into the image build tree ($TMP\_BUILD\_DIR)
  then it will be automatically unmounted when the build tree is unmounted -
  and not remounted into the filesystem image - if the mount point is needed
  again, your element will need to remount it at that point.

Phase Subdirectories
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Make as many of the following subdirectories as you need, depending on what
part of the process you need to customise. The subdirectories are executed in
the order given here. Scripts within the subdirectories should be named with a
two-digit numeric prefix, and are executed in numeric order.

* root.d: Create or adapt the initial root filesystem content. This is where
  alternative distribution support is added, or customisations such as
  building on an existing image.

  Only one element can use this at a time unless particular care is taken not
  to blindly overwrite but instead to adapt the context extracted by other
  elements.

 * runs: outside chroot
 * inputs: $ARCH=i386|amd64|armhf $TARGET\_ROOT=/path/to/target/workarea

* extra-data.d: pull in extra data from the host environment that hooks may
  need during image creation. This should copy any data (such as SSH keys,
  http proxy settings and the like) somewhere under $TMP\_HOOKS\_PATH.

 * runs: outside chroot
 * inputs: $TMP\_HOOKS\_PATH
 * outputs: None

* pre-install.d: Run code in the chroot before customisation or packages are
  installed. A good place to add apt repositories.

 * runs: in chroot

* install.d: Runs after pre-install.d in the chroot. This is a good place to
  install packages, chain into configuration management tools or do other
  image specific operations.

 * runs: in chroot

* post-install.d: Run code in the chroot. This is a good place to perform
  tasks you want to handle after the OS/application install but before the
  first boot of the image. Some examples of use would be: Run chkconfig
  to disable unneeded services and clean the cache left by the package
  manager to reduce the size of the image.

 * runs: in chroot

* block-device.d: customise the block device that the image will be made on
  (e.g. to make partitions). Runs after the target tree has been fully
  populated but before the cleanup hook runs.

 * runs: outside chroot
 * inputs: $IMAGE\_BLOCK\_DEVICE={path} $TARGET\_ROOT={path}
 * outputs: $IMAGE\_BLOCK\_DEVICE={path}

* finalise.d: Perform final tuning of the root filesystem. Runs in a chroot
  after the root filesystem content has been copied into the mounted
  filesystem: this is an appropriate place to reset SELinux metadata, install
  grub bootloaders and so on. Because this happens inside the final image, it
  is important to limit operations here to only those necessary to affect the
  filesystem metadata and image itself. For most operations, post-install.d
  is preferred.

 * runs: in chroot

* cleanup.d: Perform cleanup of the root filesystem content. For
  instance, temporary settings to use the image build environment HTTP proxy
  are removed here in the dpkg element.

 * runs: outside chroot
 * inputs: $ARCH=i386|amd64|armhf $TARGET\_ROOT=/path/to/target/workarea

Other Subdirectories
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Elements may have other subdirectories that are processed by specific elements
rather than the diskimage-builder tools themselves.

One example of this is the ``bin`` directory.  The ``rpm-distro``, ``dpkg`` and
``opensuse`` elements install all files found in the ``bin`` directory into
``/usr/local/bin`` within the image as executable files.

Environment Variables
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

To set environment variables for other hooks, add a file to environment.d.
This directory contains bash script snippets that are sourced before running
scripts in each phase.

DIB exposes an internal IMAGE\_ELEMENT variable which provides elements access
to the full set of elements that are included in the image build. This can
be used to process local in-element files across all the elements
(pkg-map for example).

Dependencies
^^^^^^^^^^^^

Each element can use the following files to define or affect dependencies:

* element-deps: a plain text, newline separated list of elements which will
  be added to the list of elements built into the image at image creation time.

* element-provides: A plain text, newline separated list of elements which
  are provided by this element. These elements will be excluded from elements
  built into the image at image creation time. For example if element A depends
  on element B and element C includes element B in its "element-provides"
  file and A and C are included when building an image, then B is not used.



Ramdisk Elements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Ramdisk elements support the following files in their element directories:

* binary-deps.d : text files listing executables required to be fed into the
  ramdisk. These need to be present in $PATH in the build chroot (i.e. need to
  be installed by your elements as described above).

* init.d : POSIX shell script fragments that will be appended to the default
  script executed as the ramdisk is booted (/init).

* ramdisk-install.d : called to copy files into the ramdisk. The variable
  TMP\_MOUNT\_PATH points to the root of the tree that will be packed into
  the ramdisk.

* udev.d : udev rules files that will be copied into the ramdisk.

Element coding standard
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

- lines should not include trailing whitespace.
- there should be no hard tabs in the file.
- indents are 4 spaces, and all indentation should be some multiple of
  them.
- `do` and `then` keywords should be on the same line as the if, while or
  for conditions.

Global image-build variables
----------------------------

* DIB\_OFFLINE : this is always set. When not empty, any operations that
  perform remote data access should avoid it if possible. If not possible
  the operation should still be attempted as the user may have an external
  cache able to keep the operation functional.

* DIB\_IMAGE\_ROOT\_FS\_UUID : this contains the UUID of the root fs, when
  diskimage-builder is building a disk image. This works only for ext
  filesystems.

Structure of an element
-----------------------

The above-mentioned global content can be further broken down in a way that
encourages composition of elements and reusability of their components. One
possible approach to this would be to label elements as either a "driver",
"service", or "config" element. Below are some examples.

- Driver-specific elements should only contain the necessary bits for that
  driver:

      elements/
         driver-mellanox/
            init           - modprobe line
            install.d/
               10-mlx      - package installation

- An element that installs and configures Nova might be a bit more complex,
  containing several scripts across several phases:

      elements/
         service-nova/
            source-repository-nova - register a source repository
            pre-install.d/
               50-my-ppa           - add a PPA
            install.d/
               10-user             - common Nova user accts
               50-my-pack          - install packages from my PPA
               60-nova             - install nova and some dependencies

- In the general case, configuration should probably be handled either by the
  meta-data service (eg, o-r-c) or via normal CM tools
  (eg, salt). That being said, it may occasionally be desirable to create a
  set of elements which express a distinct configuration of the same software
  components.

In this way, depending on the hardware and in which availability zone it is
to be deployed, an image would be composed of:

 * zero or more driver-elements
 * one or more service-elements
 * zero or more config-elements

It should be noted that this is merely a naming convention to assist in
managing elements. Diskimage-builder is not, and should not be, functionally
dependent upon specific element names.

diskimage-builder has the ability to retrieve source code for an element and
place it into a directory on the target image during the extra-data phase. The
default location/branch can then be overridden by the process running
diskimage-builder, making it possible to use the same element to track more
then one branch of a git repository or to get source for a local cache. See
elements/source-repositories/README.md for more information.

Debugging elements
------------------

The build-time environment and command line arguments are captured by the
'base' element and written to /etc/dib\_environment and /etc/dib\_arguments
inside the image.

Export 'break' to drop to a shell during the image build. Break points can be
set either before or after any of the hook points by exporting
"break=[before|after]-hook-name". Multiple break points can be specified as a
comma-delimited string. Some examples:

* break=before-block-device-size will break before the block device size hooks
  are called.

* break=before-pre-install will break before the pre-install hooks.

* break=after-error will break after an error during a in target hookpoint.

Images are built such that the Linux kernel is instructed not to switch into
graphical consoles (i.e. it will not activate KMS). This maximises
compatibility with remote console interception hardware, such as HP's iLO.
However, you will typicallly only see kernel messages on the console - init
daemons (e.g. upstart) will usually be instructed to output to a serial
console so nova's console-log command can function. There is an element in the
tripleo-image-elements repository called "remove-serial-console" which will
force all boot messages to appear on the main console.

Ramdisk images can be debugged at run-time by passing "troubleshoot" as a
kernel command line argument, or by pressing "t" when an error is reached. This
will spawn a shell on the console (this can be extremely useful when network
interfaces or disks are not detected correctly).

Testing Elements
----------------

Elements can be tested using python. To create a test:

* Create a directory called 'tests' in the element directory.

* Create an empty file called '\_\_init\_\_.py' to make it into a python
  package.

* Create your test files as 'test\_whatever.py', using regular python test
  code.

To run all the tests use testr - `testr run`. To run just some tests provide
one or more regex filters - tests matching any of them are run -
`testr run apt-proxy`.

Third party elements
--------------------

Additional elements can be incorporated by setting ELEMENTS_PATH, for example
if one were building tripleo-images, the variable would be set like::

        export ELEMENTS_PATH=tripleo-image-elements/elements
        disk-image-create rhel7 cinder-api

Copyright
=========

Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
Copyright (c) 2012 NTT DOCOMO, INC.

All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.